250 to 250: 61. Miss America Pageant, Narrated by Katie Boyd

Heather Cox Richardson and 250 to 250: Miss America Pageant, Narrated by Katie Boyd

Katie Boyd is a world-renowned media personality, fitness and spiritual lifestyle coach, and founder of Katie Boyd’s Miss Fit Club. Boyd examines the Miss America pageant, whose century-long history reflects America's slow reckoning with women's rights and racial equality.

The Miss America Pageant began in 1921.

• It started in Atlantic City, New Jersey.
• The pageant helped bring visitors to the city.
• Women competed for prizes and scholarships.
• Many people liked the pageant.
• Other people said it was unfair to women.
• In 1968, women's rights activists protested the pageant.
• They wanted equal rights and respect for women.
• For many years, women of color could not compete fairly.
• In 1984, Vanessa Williams became the first Black Miss America.
• The pageant changed over time as American society changed.
• Today, the history of the Miss America Pageant shows the long fight for women's rights and equality.

POP Interview and Civics Quiz:

• N-400 Part 2:05. What is your sex?
• USCIS 100:77. What did Susan B. Anthony do?
• USCIS 128:99.   Name one leader of the women’s rights movement in the 1800s.
• USCIS 128:102. When did all women get the right to vote? 

Family Fun:

• JWA: Protest Social Media's Beauty Standards in the Name of the Freedom Trash Can
• Miss America: History
• Smithsonian Magagzine: Fifty Years Ago, Protesters Took on the Miss America Pageant and Electrified the Feminist Movement
• Valery Evangelin: 50 Years Apart: The Reconstruction of Freedom Trash Can in the 1968 Miss America Protest
• Note: Toss things into a freedom trash can that oppress you.
• Zyppy: Up Against the Wall Miss America (1968) - FULL SHORT DOCUMENTARY

250 to 250: 60. The Banjo, Narrated by Alison Brown

Heather Cox Richardson and 250 to 250: The Banjo, Narrated by Alison Brown

Alison Brown is a Grammy-award winning banjoist, co-founder of Compass Records and recovering investment banker. Brown traces the history of the banjo, from its roots in enslaved Africans' musical traditions to its lasting influence on American music.

Enslaved Africans brought music to the United States.

• They made instruments from gourds and wood.
• One of these instruments became the banjo.
• Many enslaved people played the banjo in the South.
• Music helped people remember their culture.
• In the 1800s, more Americans learned about the banjo.
• Soon, the banjo became a popular instrument.
• The banjo became important in jazz, folk, and bluegrass music.
• Many musicians still play the banjo today.
• Singer Pete Seager famously said about the banjo, "This instrument surrounds hate and forces it to surrender."
• The banjo is an important part of American music and history.

POP Interview and Civics Quiz:

• N-400 Part 3:02. What is your race?
• USCIS 100:60. / 128:75. What group of people was taken to America and sold as slaves?
• USCIS 100:84.  What movement tried to end racial discrimination?
• USCIS 128:112. What did the civil rights movement do?

Family Fun:

• African American Folklorist: Reclaiming the Banjo: Joe Zavaan Johnson and the Work of Black Musical Recovery
• BBRP: Black Banjo Reclamation Project
• Ballad of America: The Banjo: A History of America’s African Instrument - Folk+ 2025
• Black Music Project: The Roots of the Banjo
• NPS: The Banjo
• PBS In the Making: Hannah Mayree: Songs of Reclamation: Reclaiming the Banjo's Hidden Black History
• PBS and Reel South: Boil that Cabbage Down
• Rhiannon Giddens: What Did the Blackbird Say to the Crow | releases | Great Courses presentation
• Smithsonian Folkways: Black Banjo Songsters of North Carolina and Virginia playlist | buy
• Teach Rock: The Banjo, Slavery, and the Abolition Debate
• Vox: Why this instrument explains Black American folk music
• Woody Guthrie Center: Inside the WGC: Pete Seeger's Banjo | education
• Woody Guthrie famously scrawled "This Machine Kills Fascists" on some of his guitars and instrument, a message that the communal act of making music can stop those who seek to tear us apart. Woody's friend Pete Seeger had a similar message for what his banjo "machine" did: "This Machine Surrounds Hate and Forces it to Surrender."
1. Give students cardboard cutouts (or coloring pages) of guitars or banjos (or any instrument or machine).
2. Write your own: 'This machine phrase:' 
3. What's your machine/instrument and what it's going what's it going to fight for or against? 

250 to 250: 59. Fourteenth Amendment, Narrated by Sherrilyn Ifill

Heather Cox Richardson and 250 to 250: Fourteenth Amendment, Narrated by Sherrilyn Ifill

Dr. Sherrilyn Ifill is a nationally recognized civil rights attorney, expert, and scholar. Ifill is the former president of the NAACP Legal Defense Fund and the founder and director of the 14th Amendment Center for Law & Democracy at Howard University School of Law. Ifill shows us the significance of the Fourteenth Amendment, which established that anyone born in the United States was automatically a citizen.

After the Civil War, the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution became part of the Constitution (1868).

• People born in the United States are U.S. citizens.
• States must follow the Constitution.
• States must treat people fairly.
• States must follow the law.
• States must protect people's rights.
• Congress can make laws to protect these rights.
• The Fourteenth Amendment helps protect freedom and equality.
• Today, the Fourteenth Amendment is an important part of the U.S. Constitution.

POP Interview and Civics Quiz:

• USCIS Part 2:08. What is your country of birth?
• USCIS 100:12.  / 128:13. What is the “rule of law”?
• USCIS 128:97. What amendment says all persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are U.S. citizens?

Family Fun:

• 14th Amendment Center: Resources
• ACLU of Illinois: ACLU Activity Book
• iCivics: Defining Citizenship - Teaching the Fourteenth Amendment
• Center for Civic Education: The 14th Amendment
• LOC: 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Primary Documents in American History
• National Archives: 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Civil Rights (1868)
• National Civil War Museum: The Civil War Amendments: The 14th Amendment and Birthright Citizenship
• NCC: What is the Citizenship Clause of the 14th Amendment?
• NCC: How did the 14th Amendment and the process of incorporation transform the Bill of Rights?
• NMAAHC: Reconstructing Citizenship

250 to 250: 58. Carnegie Libraries, Narrated by Mayor Corey O’Connor

Heather Cox Richardson and 250 to 250: Carnegie Libraries, Narrated by Mayor Corey O’Connor

Corey O’Connor is the 62nd mayor of Pittsburgh with a highly-regarded political lineage. Mayor O’Connor and his wife, Katie, serve as official ambassadors for the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh’s summer reading program. Mayor O’Connor tells us how “robber baron” Andrew Carnegie gave much of his fortune to building almost 2,000 libraries across the United States.

Andrew Carnegie was born in Scotland.

• He came to the United States as a young boy.
• He left school and started working.
• He worked in a factory and as a telegraph boy.
• Later, he became very rich in the steel business.
• Carnegie gave money to build free public libraries.
• He helped build more than 1,600 libraries in the United States.
• He believed rich people should help others.
• He wanted more people to read and learn.
• Today, many people remember Andrew Carnegie for his libraries and his gifts to education.

POP Interview and Civics Quiz:

• N-400 Part 7:01. List where and when you have worked or attended school full- time or part- time during the last 5 years.
• USCIS 100:11. / 128:12.  What is the economic system in the United States?*
• USCIS 128:118. Name one example of an American innovation

Family Fun:

• ALA: Andrew Carnegie Medals for Excellence
• Andrew Carnegie Foundation: Great Immigrants, Great Americans: The Comic Series | video playlist | Democracy playlist
• Carmel Clay Public Library: Carnegie Funded-Library coloring page
• NPS: Carnegie Libraries: The Future Made Bright (Teaching with Historic Places)
• PBS: American Experience: Andrew Carnegie
• Wikipedia: List of Carnegie libraries in the United States

250 to 250: 57. Gettysburg Address, Narrated by Governor JB Pritzker

Heather Cox Richardson and 250 to 250: Gettysburg Address, Narrated by Governor JB Pritzker

Governor JB Pritzker is Illinois’ 43rd Governor, elected in 2018 and reelected in 2022 with the highest vote share for any Democratic governor in more than 60 years. During his tenure, he has overcome years of fiscal mismanagement and made historic investments in education, healthcare, and economic opportunity while working to ensure Illinois remains a beacon of civil rights and freedom for the nation.

The American Civil War was fought between the Union and the Confederacy.

• On November 19, 1863, President Abraham Lincoln gave a speech at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
• The speech is called the Gettysburg Address.
• Lincoln spoke to about 15,000 people.
• The speech honored the soldiers who died in the Battle of Gettysburg.
• Lincoln said the nation must continue their work.
• He reminded Americans that all people are created equal.
• He hoped the country would have "a new birth of freedom."
• He said the government should be "of the people, by the people, for the people."
• Lincoln wanted the United States to stay united and free.
• Today, the Gettysburg Address is one of the most famous speeches in American history.

POP Interview and Civics Quiz:

• N-400 Part 9:34. Are you willing to take the full Oath of Allegiance to the United States?
• USCIS 100:75. What was one important thing that Abraham Lincoln did?*
• USCIS 128:94. Abraham Lincoln is famous for many things. Name one. *

Family Fun:

• Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum: The Gettysburg Address playlist
• American Battlefield Trust: The Gettysburg Address: The Two-Minute Speech That Saved America | Augmented Reality
• Coloring Book Fun: Lincoln and the Gettysburg Address coloring page
• Illinois: Lincoln Historical Preservation Sites
• LOC: Gettysburg Address Online Exhibition
• NMAH: Gettysburg Address interactive exhibit
• NPS: Gettysburg National Military Park | Junior Ranger Activity Guide
• PBS: The Address by Ken Burns (The Address follows a group of students with special needs, such as dyslexia and ADHD as they prepare to recite the Gettysburg Address--very inspirational!) (stream or borrow the DVDs from your library)
• PBS: The Civil War by Ken Burns (10 part series--stream or borrow the DVDs from your library)
• USCIS: A More Perfect Union series: The Civics Test Guide to the Lincoln Memorial
• VOA News: 150th Anniversary of Lincoln's Gettysburg Address Marked at Battlefield

250 to 250: 56. “The Star-Spangled Banner,” Narrated by Sarah Longwell

Heather Cox Richardson and 250 to 250: “The Star-Spangled Banner,” Narrated by Sarah Longwell

Sarah Longwell is publisher of The Bulwark, host of The Focus Group podcast, and bestselling author of "How to Eat an Elephant: One Voter at a Time," releasing this fall. Longwell tells us how the British bombardment of Baltimore’s Fort McHenry in 1814 inspired our national anthem, “The Star-Spangled Banner.”

The War of 1812 was fought between the United States and Great Britain.

• On September 13, 1814, the British attacked Fort McHenry.
• The fort protected the port of Baltimore.
• The attack lasted through the night.
• Francis Scott Key watched the battle.
• The next morning, he saw the American flag still flying over the fort.
• He was happy that the United States had defended the fort.
• He wrote a poem called "The Star-Spangled Banner."
• Later, the poem was set to music.
• Many Americans liked the song.
• In 1931, Congress made "The Star-Spangled Banner" the national anthem of the United States.
• Today, Americans sing the national anthem at many public events.

POP Interview and Civics Quiz:

• N-400 Part 9:35. If the law requires it, are you willing to bear arms (carry weapons) on behalf of the United States?
• USCIS 100:53. What is one promise you make when you become a United States citizen?
• USCIS 128:67. Name two promises that new citizens make in the Oath of Allegiance. 
• USCIS 100:98. /128:123. What is the name of the national anthem?

Family Fun:

• Ben's Guide: Star-Spangled Banner: 1814
• LOC: Star Spangled Banner | resources
• NPS: Fort McHenry | Junior Ranger Activity Booklet
• NMAH: Star-Spangled Banner
• uscitizenpod: Happy National Anthem Day! | USCIS 128:123. What is the name of the national anthem? | A Citizenship Quiz for Flag Day
• Visit the Capitol: H.R. 14, An Act To make The Star-Spangled Banner the national anthem of the United States of America, April 21, 1930

250 to 250: 55. Billie Jean King, Narrated by Rosie Casals

Heather Cox Richardson and 250 to 250: Billie Jean King, Narrated by Rosie Casals

Rosie Casals is the winner of 12 Grand Slam Doubles titles and is one of only three players—alongside Billie Jean King and Nancy Richey—inducted into the Hall of Fame twice. She helped establish the WTA in 1973 and is a founding member of the Original 9 that started women's professional tennis. Casals details how tennis legend Billie Jean King has used her platform to push for gender equality and social change.

Billie Jean King is one of the greatest tennis players in history.

• She won 39 Grand Slam tennis titles.
• In 1972, Sports Illustrated named her Sportsman of the Year.
• She was the first woman to receive this award.
• In 1973, she played against former tennis champion Bobby Riggs.
• Many people called the match the "Battle of the Sexes."
• About 90 million people watched the match around the world.
• Billie Jean King won the match.
• She worked for equal pay for women in tennis.
• She also supported equal rights for LGBTQ+ people.
• Billie Jean King believed sports could help make society fairer.
• Today, she is remembered as both a champion athlete and a leader for equal rights.

POP Interview and Civics Quiz:

• N-400 Part 2:05: Are you male or female?
• USCIS 100:9.  What are two rights in the Declaration of Independence?
• USCIS 128:10. Name two important ideas from the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution.

Family Fun:

• Barack Obama: Billie Jean King (Medal of Freedom, LGBT)
• Billie Jean King: Biography
• International Tennis Hall of Fame: Title IX and Billie Jean King
• NPG: Billie Jean King coloring page
• New York Historical Society: Billie Jean King collection
• PBS American Masters: Billie Jean King | Trading Cards
• USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center: Tennis Programs and Camps
• Women's History Museum: Beyond the Court: Billie Jean King's Triumph in The Battle of the Sexes

250 to 250: 54. John Adams' Letters to Abigail, Narrated by Sara Georgini

 

Heather Cox Richardson and 250 to 250: John Adams' Letters to Abigail, Narrated by Sara Georgini

Dr. Sara Georgini is an American historian, author, and Series Editor for the ‘Papers of John Adams,’ at the Adams Papers Editorial Project at the Massachusetts Historical Society. Georgini shares how John Adams, writing to his wife Abigail in 1776, envisioned generations of Americans celebrating independence with pomp and parade—right about everything but the date.

In July 1776, the Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia.

• John Adams was a delegate from Massachusetts.
• On July 2, Congress voted that the colonies should be free and independent.
• John Adams wrote a letter to his wife, Abigail Adams.
• He said the colonies were now free and independent states.
• On July 4, Congress approved the final words of the Declaration of Independence.
• John Adams believed Americans would celebrate this important event every year.
• He thought the celebration would be on July 2.
• Instead, Americans celebrate Independence Day on July 4.
• Every year on July 4, people celebrate the birth of the United States.

POP Interview and Civics Quiz:

• N-400 Part 5:02. Is your current spouse currently a member of the U.S. armed forces?
• USCIS 100:99.  When do we celebrate Independence Day?*
• USCIS 128:125. What is Independence Day?

Family Fun:

• Biography: John Adams | Abigail Adams
• History: Abigail Adams | Mrs. President
• MHS: Letter: John Adams to Abigail Adams, Philadelphia July 3. 1776
• National Archives: The Declaration of Independence
• NPS: Adams National Historical Park | Junior Ranger book
• NPS: Declaration of Independence Timeline
• PBS: The Declaration of Independence & Birth of the United States
• uscitizenpod: John Adams | Abigail Adams | John and Abigail Adams 1 | John and Abigail Adams 2 coloring pages
• VOA News: July 4? Try July 2, America's Real Independence Day